You're raising a funding round or going through M&A. Investors want access to financials, legal docs, and customer data. You need something more secure than email or basic file sharing.
Traditional virtual data rooms charge $500-2,000+ per month with per-user fees that spiral fast. Digify markets itself as the affordable alternative. But "affordable" is relative when you're bootstrapped or just starting to raise.
This guide breaks down what Digify actually costs, how it works, where it falls short, and whether you're better off with something simpler. No fluff, just the facts you need to decide.
A virtual data room is a secure online space for sharing sensitive documents during fundraising, M&A, audits, or legal processes. Think organized folder structure with granular permissions, activity tracking, and security features like NDAs and watermarks.
Traditional data rooms were physical rooms where buyers reviewed documents during acquisitions. Digital versions let you share hundreds of files with dozens of people while controlling exactly who sees what. You track every view, download, and time spent on each document.
Digify launched in 2013 as a document security platform focused on tracking and protecting files. The data room feature came later as they moved upmarket from individual document protection to full due diligence workflows.
Their core offering combines secure file sharing with analytics. You upload documents, organize them into folders, invite users by email, and set permissions at the document or folder level. Each user gets a branded portal where they access only what you've granted.
Key features include:
Who uses it:
Digify positions itself between basic file sharing tools and enterprise VDRs like Intralinks or Datasite. You get more security and control than Dropbox, less complexity and cost than traditional data room providers.
Digify offers two ways to share documents: standard link sharing and data rooms. Here's how they differ and when each makes sense.
You're sharing one or two documents with someone. Examples: sending your pitch deck to an investor for initial review, sharing an NDA with a contractor, distributing a proposal to a potential client. You want basic protection and tracking but don't need elaborate folder structures.
Setup takes minutes. Upload file, generate link, add password, send. Recipient opens link, enters password, views document. You see basic analytics: who viewed, when, for how long.
You're sharing 20-200 documents with multiple stakeholders who need different access levels. Examples: investor due diligence during fundraising, buyer review during M&A, audit preparation with external accountants, legal discovery with opposing counsel.
You need organization, granular control, and detailed tracking. Some users see everything, others see only specific folders. You update documents and everyone with access sees current versions. You track engagement to prioritize follow-ups.
Regular Digify protects individual documents. Data rooms organize and control access to entire document collections. If someone asks for "the data room," they expect the organized folder approach, not scattered individual links.
Here's what actually goes into creating a data room from scratch.
1. Create the data room Log into Digify, click "Create Data Room," name it (usually company name + round/process). Set branding: logo, colors, custom domain if you have Business plan. Takes 5 minutes.
2. Build folder structure This takes the longest. Standard structure for fundraising:
You create nested subfolders. Under Financials: Historical Statements, Projections, Cap Table, Board Materials. Under Legal: Incorporation Docs, Contracts, IP, Compliance. Takes 15-30 minutes to organize properly.
3. Upload documents Digify supports bulk upload via drag-and-drop. Upload all PDFs, spreadsheets, presentations. Name files clearly: "2024-Q3-Financial-Statement.pdf" not "FS_final_v3.pdf". If you have 50-100 documents, upload takes 20-60 minutes depending on file sizes and your internet speed.
4. Set permissions Here's where it gets tedious. For each folder or document, you choose:
If you have 5 investor groups with different access needs, you're setting permissions on 20+ folders individually. Takes 30-60 minutes.
5. Invite users Add recipients by email. Assign them to permission groups. Customize welcome message. Require NDA acceptance if needed. Set up two-factor authentication requirements. Takes 10-15 minutes for first batch, faster for subsequent invites.
6. Test access Log out, test the recipient experience. Make sure permissions work correctly, documents open properly, branding looks right. Fix issues. Takes 15-30 minutes.
Total setup time: 2-4 hours for a well-organized data room with 50-100 documents and proper permissions.
You don't just set it up once. As diligence progresses:
Budget 30-60 minutes per week during active fundraising or M&A.
Data room access isn't available on all Digify plans. Here's what it actually costs.
Digify structures pricing around user seats and document limits, not just data room access.
Prices as of 2026 for annual billing. Monthly billing costs ~20% more.
Team - $149/month
Your entry point for data rooms. Includes 3 user seats. Fine for small seed rounds where you're talking to 5-10 investors and only a few need simultaneous access.
What you get:
Limitations:
Business - $299/month
Sweet spot for Series A/B companies. 10 user seats means your team (founders, CFO, counsel) can all access and manage without constant seat shuffling.
Additional benefits:
Better for larger rounds where you're managing 15-30 investors and need room for your advisors to help organize materials.
Enterprise - Custom pricing
For late-stage rounds or complex M&A. Starts around $500-1,000/month based on user count and storage needs.
Adds:
Most startups don't need this unless you're in a competitive M&A process with multiple buyers doing parallel diligence.
Beyond base subscription:
Setup and training: Digify doesn't charge for onboarding, but you'll spend 4-8 hours of founder/team time getting organized. If you hire a consultant to structure your data room professionally, that's $1,000-3,000.
User scaling: Each user beyond your plan limit costs $40/month on Team plan, less on Business. If you're on Team plan (3 users) but need 8 people managing diligence (founders, CFO, counsel, advisor), you're paying $149 + $200 = $349/month. Just upgrade to Business at that point.
Feature add-ons: Most features are bundled, but some advanced integrations or custom development require Enterprise plan.
Storage overages: Team plan includes 10GB. If you exceed, you either upgrade to Business ($299) or potentially pay overage fees. A typical Series A data room with 3 years of financials, legal docs, and product materials easily hits 8-15GB.
Startup raising Series A (5 users)
Team plan ($149) + 2 extra users ($80) = $229/month for basic data room.
Or just get Business plan at $299/month for 10 users and avoid nickel-and-diming.
For 3-month fundraising process: $687-897 total.
Company in M&A process (15 users)
Business plan ($299) + 5 extra users ($150-200 depending on negotiation) = $450-500/month.
Or Enterprise with negotiated rate around $600-800/month with unlimited users and better support.
For 6-month M&A process: $3,600-4,800 total.
Digify sits in the middle. Cheaper than traditional VDRs, more expensive than simple sharing tools, with per-user pricing that adds up.
Here's when you actually need a data room versus when you're overthinking it.
The scenario: You're raising capital and sharing sensitive financials, customer data, and legal documents with 10-20 potential investors. Each investor asks for slightly different materials. Some need full financial access, others want product roadmap only. Conversations happen in parallel, some move fast while others stall.
Why a data room helps:
What you'd include:
Example workflow: Create data room with clean folder structure. Send initial access to warm leads who've seen your pitch - they get Overview and high-level financials only. As conversations progress and you get to partner meetings, expand access to detailed financials and customer data. After term sheet, open everything for full diligence. Track engagement to identify serious investors vs. tire-kickers.
Digify features that matter:
The scenario: Your company is being acquired or you're exploring acquisition offers. Buyer's team needs to verify everything: financials, contracts, employees, IP, liabilities. They'll spend weeks combing through documents. Multiple buyers might be involved in parallel if it's competitive.
Why a data room helps:
What you'd include:
Example workflow: Buyer signs NDA and gets initial access to high-level materials. After LOI, open detailed folders for deep diligence by their team (finance, legal, technical, HR). Create separate sections for management presentations and Q&A responses. Track which documents they review most - flags potential concerns early. Close access if buyer backs out, preserve confidentiality.
Digify features that matter:
The scenario: You share quarterly board materials, financial updates, and strategic documents with board members and observers. Some board members want historical access to review past decisions. Observers get limited access compared to voting members.
Why a data room helps:
What you'd include:
Example workflow: Create ongoing data room with folder per quarter/year. Before each board meeting, upload materials to relevant folder. Give board members full access, observers limited access (no compensation or sensitive M&A folders). After meeting, add approved minutes and resolutions. Board can access historical materials anytime without requesting from you.
Digify features that matter:
The scenario: You're in a legal dispute, responding to discovery requests, or undergoing regulatory investigation. Opposing counsel, regulators, or auditors need access to specific documents. You need to produce materials in organized, defensible way.
Why a data room helps:
What you'd include:
Example workflow: Outside counsel reviews documents, uploads relevant materials to data room with proper organization. Grant opposing counsel access after protective order in place. Track their review activity. Respond to supplemental document requests by adding to appropriate folders. Maintain detailed access logs for court reporting.
Digify features that matter:
The scenario: You're a fund manager reporting to limited partners, or a company providing ongoing updates to existing investors. Regular quarterly or annual reporting with financial updates, portfolio developments, and strategic changes.
Why a data room helps:
What you'd include:
Example workflow: Set up data room with folders for each quarter/year. Upload materials after close of each period. Investors log in to access latest reports and historical materials. Different folders for different share classes with appropriate access. Track engagement to see which investors actively monitor vs. passive.
Digify features that matter:
The scenario: You're evaluating strategic partnerships, vendor relationships, or distribution agreements that require sharing confidential business information, pricing, technical specs, or customer data.
Why a data room helps:
What you'd include:
Example workflow: Partner signs NDA, gets initial access to high-level capabilities. As discussions progress, open technical documentation for their engineering team. Share pricing models after initial alignment on approach. Track which materials they review most to understand priorities. Close access if partnership doesn't proceed.
Digify features that matter:
The scenario: You're hiring executives, board members, or employees who need access to confidential information during offer evaluation or onboarding before start date.
Why a data room helps:
What you'd include:
Example workflow: Final candidates for exec role sign NDA and get limited access to company overview and financials to evaluate opportunity. After offer acceptance, expand access to full onboarding materials and historical context. Track their review to identify areas needing discussion before start date.
Digify features that matter:
The scenario: You're preparing for annual audit, SOC 2 examination, ISO certification, or regulatory compliance review. Auditors need organized access to policies, procedures, evidence, and financial records.
Why a data room helps:
What you'd include:
Example workflow: Set up data room organized by audit areas (financial, security, HR, etc.). Auditors get access at kickoff. They review materials, submit document requests via Q&A module. You upload supplemental evidence to appropriate folders. They track their progress, you track their focus areas. Close access after report issuance.
Digify features that matter:
Digify works well for straightforward fundraising or M&A, but it's not perfect. Here's where it falls short.
Team plan includes 3 users for $149/month. Sounds fine until you realize you need 6-8 people with access: co-founders, CFO, legal counsel, advisor helping with fundraising. Each additional user is $40/month. You're suddenly at $350/month, and Business plan at $299 is cheaper but requires annual commitment.
Per-user pricing doesn't make sense for temporary needs. If you're raising for 3 months and need 8 users during that period, you're stuck paying for user seats you won't use after the round closes.
Team plan caps at 10GB. Series A data room with 3 years of financials, customer contracts, product docs, and board materials easily hits 12-18GB. You either delete documents (defeats the purpose), upgrade to Business ($299), or pay overages.
10GB sounds like a lot until you have detailed financial models, customer presentations, technical documentation with images, and product demo videos. One high-res product demo video can be 500MB-1GB alone.
Page-by-page tracking is useful. You see which investor spent 45 minutes on your financial model versus 2 minutes skimming the executive summary. But you don't get heat maps showing exactly which sections they focused on or skipped. You can't see if they actually read the footnotes in your projections.
DocSend and Ellty provide more granular slide-by-slide or section-by-section analytics that actually help you understand investor concerns. Digify tells you "they viewed page 12" but not whether they read it carefully or scrolled right past.
Investors increasingly review materials on phones and tablets. Digify's mobile web experience works but isn't optimized. No native mobile app. Documents render okay but navigation through folder structures on small screens is clunky.
If an investor is traveling and wants to review your data room on their phone, they'll be frustrated. Competitors like Carta and Capshare have better mobile experiences for investor access.
Team plan lets you add logo and colors. That's it. No custom domain, no white-labeling, basic branding only. If you want dataroom.yourcompany.com instead of yourcompany.digify.com, you need Business plan.
For Series A and later, custom domains matter for professionalism. Sending investors to a generic Digify URL looks less credible than your own branded domain.
Digify doesn't include e-signature capabilities. If you need investors to sign NDAs or side letters, you're using DocuSign or HelloSign separately. Then you're paying for two tools and managing separate workflows.
DocSend integrates with native e-signature. You can require NDA signature before data room access in one flow. With Digify, you're emailing NDAs separately, then granting access manually after signature.
Q&A module lets investors ask questions and you respond. That's it. No threaded discussions, no tagging team members, no workflow for routing questions to the right person. If your CFO should answer financial questions and CTO should handle technical questions, you're manually coordinating offline.
Larger data room providers include task management, workflow routing, and proper collaboration tools. Digify assumes small teams that communicate externally.
Digify has password protection, watermarking, NDA requirements, and fence view (screen capture blocking on Windows only). That's solid for most fundraising.
But no device-level encryption, no DRM, fence view doesn't work on Mac or mobile, watermarking can be defeated by photographing screen. If you're in healthcare, defense, or other highly regulated industries, Digify's security won't meet compliance requirements.
True enterprise VDRs offer forensic watermarking, granular access policies, device fingerprinting, and stronger DRM. Digify is "pretty secure" not "maximum security."
Team plan gets email support. No phone, no live chat, no dedicated account manager. If you're in the middle of closing a funding round and the data room breaks, you're waiting hours or a day for email response.
Business plan gets priority email support (faster response, not necessarily better). Enterprise gets phone support and account manager. For mission-critical M&A or late-stage fundraising, email-only support is a risk.
When your fundraising round closes, you want to export everything for your records. Digify lets you download files, but you're manually recreating folder structure and permissions documentation.
No automated export to Google Drive, Dropbox, or Box. No export of analytics data for your CRM. You're manually downloading folders and organizing locally.
Digify integrates with basic tools like Gmail and Outlook for notifications. No Salesforce integration, no CRM sync, no single sign-on with common providers (Google Workspace, Microsoft 365, Okta) on lower tiers.
If you want investor activity in Digify to automatically create tasks in your CRM or sync with your investor pipeline, you're building custom integrations or doing manual data entry.
If you're just sharing pitch deck with 10 investors for initial interest, Digify data room is overcomplicated. You don't need folder hierarchies and granular permissions. You need simple link sharing with view tracking.
Digify's regular document sharing feature or tools like DocSend, Docsend, or Ellty make more sense for early-stage, pre-diligence document sharing. Data rooms are for when you have 50+ documents and complex permission needs.
The honest assessment: Digify works well for Series A/B fundraising or small M&A with straightforward needs. It struggles with very large document sets, complex permissions, high security requirements, or situations needing deep integrations. Per-user pricing model penalizes companies with larger teams or temporary access needs.
Digify isn't your only option. Here are legitimate alternatives depending on your needs.
What it offers: Ellty started as a pitch deck sharing and analytics platform, then added security features like screenshot protection for founders raising capital. Focus is simplicity and affordable flat-rate pricing instead of per-user fees.
Key features:
Pricing:
All paid plans include unlimited team members and investor access. No hidden per-user fees.
Best for:
Compared to Digify:
When to choose Ellty:
When Digify makes more sense:
What it offers: DocSend started as secure document sharing with detailed analytics. Added basic data room functionality as customers asked for organized multi-document sharing. Now owned by Dropbox.
Key features:
Pricing:
Best for: Individual fundraising where one person manages investor pipeline, early-stage document sharing transitioning to organized data rooms, teams already using Dropbox wanting integration.
Limitations: Pricey for basic features. Standard plan at $165/month for 3 users costs more than Digify Team plan. Analytics are excellent for pitch decks but spaces feature feels bolted-on. Limited folder depth compared to true data rooms.
What it offers: Carta is primarily cap table and equity management software. Added data room features for fundraising since they already manage your equity data. Tight integration with cap table makes it powerful for fundraising.
Key features:
Pricing: Starts around $2,000-3,000/year for basic cap table management, data room included at higher tiers or as add-on.
Best for: Companies already using Carta for cap table who want integrated data room, late-stage companies with complex equity structures, situations where cap table is central to diligence.
Limitations: Expensive if you're only using it for data room. Cap table management is the primary product, data room is secondary feature. Overkill for early-stage companies with simple cap tables.
What it offers: Traditional virtual data room provider focused on M&A and complex transactions. More robust than Digify, less expensive than enterprise solutions like Intralinks.
Key features:
Pricing: Starts around $500-1,000/month for basic projects, scales to $2,000-5,000/month for large transactions.
Best for: M&A transactions requiring robust security, complex due diligence with many stakeholders, regulated industries with compliance requirements, situations where 24/7 support matters.
Limitations: Expensive for straightforward fundraising. Complexity that most startups don't need. Setup requires more time and often vendor assistance.
What it offers: Not a purpose-built data room but many companies use Dropbox Business folders as makeshift data rooms. Familiar interface, good collaboration, basic security.
Key features:
Pricing: Business: $15/user/month for 5TB shared storage and advanced features.
Best for: Very early-stage companies, informal due diligence processes, teams already heavily using Dropbox, situations where simple folder access is sufficient.
Limitations: No real data room features. Limited analytics, no NDAs, no watermarking, no granular permissions. Anyone with folder access can download everything. Not suitable for sensitive due diligence or M&A. Investors expect more professional presentation.
What it offers: Basic shared folder approach. Free or cheap, everyone has Google account, simple permissions.
Key features:
Pricing: Free for personal use (15GB), Google Workspace starts at $6/user/month.
Best for: Very early bootstrapped startups, friends and family rounds, situations where you literally have zero budget, internal document organization before formal data room.
Limitations: No analytics. No NDA enforcement. No watermarking. Unprofessional for serious fundraising. Investors can download and share freely. No audit trail. If investor forwards link to someone else, you have no control.
Go with Ellty if: Per-user pricing bothers you and your team size fluctuates. You want pitch deck analytics integrated with security features. You need simple setup fast. Budget is $25-100/month range. Seed to Series A stage.
Go with DocSend if: You're primarily sharing individual documents (pitch deck, executive summary) and occasionally need organized spaces. You want best-in-class analytics. DocuSign integration matters for NDAs.
Go with Carta if: You already pay for Carta cap table management. Your fundraising is tightly integrated with equity management. You want automated cap table data in due diligence.
Go with Firmex if: You're in M&A process requiring enterprise security. Budget is $500-2,000/month. You need dedicated support and project management. Compliance requirements are strict.
Go with Dropbox/Google if: You're pre-seed or friends and family stage. Budget is severely constrained. Investors are friendly and informal process is acceptable. You're organizing documents before formal data room.
Stick with Digify if: You need more than simple sharing but less than enterprise VDR. Series A/B fundraising with standard requirements. Team size is 3-10 users. Budget is $150-500/month. You want established provider with decent feature set.
The honest take: Most seed-stage founders overthink data rooms. Simple pitch deck sharing and tracking with analytics (Ellty, DocSend) works fine until you're actually in diligence with term sheet. Series A and beyond benefit from real data rooms. Choose based on your actual transaction complexity and budget, not what you think you're "supposed" to use.
Data rooms aren't one-size-fits-all. Here's how to decide if Digify makes sense.
Ask yourself:
About your use case:
About your team:
About your budget:
About timing:
For typical Series A fundraising with 10-20 investors, 50-100 documents, 3-6 month timeline, and $200-400/month budget, Digify works well. It's not the cheapest, not the fanciest, but it gets the job done without major gaps.
If budget is tight or team is small, Ellty at $79/month gives you 90% of what you need for seed through Series A with simpler setup and no per-user fees. If you're in complex M&A or have security requirements, jump to Firmex or enterprise solutions. If you're just sharing pitch deck with early investors, don't overthink it - DocSend or even Dropbox is fine.
The biggest mistake is picking tools based on what "serious companies use" instead of your actual needs. A $29/month tool that you set up in 30 minutes often beats a $500/month tool that takes 8 hours to configure when you're raising a seed round. Choose based on transaction complexity and your team's capacity, not prestige.
Yes, but it's probably overkill. Seed rounds typically involve 5-15 investors and limited due diligence. You're mostly sharing pitch deck, basic financials, and maybe cap table. Digify's Team plan at $149/month works but you're paying for features you won't use.
Consider simpler tools like Ellty ($29-79/month) or DocSend for seed stage. Save Digify for Series A when you have 50+ documents and complex permission needs. If investors specifically ask for "data room access," then set one up. Otherwise, secure link sharing with analytics is sufficient for seed.
Yes, for small to mid-sized M&A. Companies under $50M valuation or straightforward acquisitions work fine. Digify handles document organization, permissions, tracking, and Q&A adequately.
For larger or complex M&A (multiple buyers, regulated industries, cross-border deals), consider enterprise VDRs like Firmex, Intralinks, or Merrill DatasiteOne. They offer 24/7 support, dedicated project managers, advanced security, and robust audit trails that M&A processes demand. Digify's email-only support and mid-tier security features become limitations in complex transactions.
2-4 hours for functional data room with 50-100 documents. Breakdown: 30 minutes creating structure and uploading documents, 1-2 hours organizing and setting permissions, 30 minutes inviting users and testing.
If you're meticulous about organization or have complex permission requirements, add another 1-2 hours. First-time users take longer than experienced ones. Having documents pre-organized in local folders before upload saves significant time.
Ongoing maintenance during fundraising or M&A is 30-60 minutes per week updating documents and responding to questions.
Team plan ($149/month):
Business plan ($299/month):
Main differences: user seats, storage, custom domain, and priority support. If you need more than 4 users, Business plan is better value than paying per-user on Team plan.
Yes, 7-day free trial on all paid plans. No credit card required to start trial. Full access to features during trial period so you can test with real documents.
Trial is long enough to set up data room, invite test users, and evaluate if it meets your needs. Be aware 7 days is short if you're trying to get investor feedback during trial - they won't review materials that quickly.
Depends on permissions you set. For each document or folder, you control:
Most fundraising data rooms allow viewing but restrict downloads on sensitive materials like customer contracts or detailed financials. Investors can view in browser but can't save local copies. This prevents broad sharing of confidential materials.
For less sensitive documents like pitch deck or executive summary, downloads are typically allowed. You track who downloaded what and when.
Note: View-only doesn't prevent someone photographing their screen or using screen capture tools (fence view blocks screenshots on Windows only, doesn't work on Mac or mobile).
Reasonably secure for most fundraising and business transactions. Features include:
Not suitable for:
If you're in healthcare, finance, defense, or similar regulated industries, ask your legal counsel if Digify meets compliance requirements. You might need enterprise VDRs with SOC 2 Type II, ISO 27001, and industry-specific certifications.
Yes, this is Digify's strength. Analytics show:
You can't see exact reading behavior (did they actually read or just scroll quickly), but time-on-page is decent proxy for engagement.
Use this to prioritize follow-ups. Investor who spent 45 minutes reviewing financials is more serious than one who viewed exec summary for 90 seconds.
Data room remains accessible as long as you maintain subscription. When fundraising closes, you have several options:
Most companies revoke investor access after deal closes but keep data room as organized archive of what was shared during diligence. Useful for future reference or audits.
If canceling subscription, download everything first. Digify doesn't provide permanent archive after cancellation.
Limited integrations compared to enterprise platforms. Available:
No native integrations with:
If integrations are critical, consider alternatives with better ecosystems or be prepared to build custom integrations via API (Enterprise plan required for API access).
Depends on plan:
Team plan: Basic branding only - upload logo, choose colors. URL is yourcompany.digify.com.
Business plan: Everything in Team plus custom domain (dataroom.yourcompany.com). Still shows Digify branding in some places.
Enterprise plan: Full white-labeling available. Remove all Digify branding, use completely custom domain and styling.
For professional fundraising, custom domain matters. Investors take dataroom.yourcompany.com more seriously than yourcompany.digify.com. Budget for Business plan if branding is important.
Both are document sharing with data room features but different approaches:
Pricing: DocSend starts at $50/month (1 user), $165/month for Standard (3 users) Digify starts at $149/month for Team plan (3 users) Digify is cheaper for 3+ users
Analytics: DocSend has better detailed analytics with visual engagement reports Digify has solid page-tracking but less granular insights
E-signature: DocSend integrates with DocuSign natively Digify requires separate e-signature tool
Data room depth: Digify has more robust folder structures and permissions DocSend's Spaces feature feels simpler/lighter
Best for: DocSend - individual document sharing, pitch decks, proposals Digify - organized multi-document data rooms, fundraising, due diligence
If you're primarily sharing pitch decks and want tracking, choose DocSend. If you're organizing 50+ documents for due diligence, choose Digify.
Before uploading:
Digify includes Q&A functionality:
Start early - Set up your room before you need it. Adding documents under pressure leads to mistakes.
Test permissions - Create a test user account to verify settings work as intended.
Communicate clearly - Send users instructions on how to access and navigate the room.
Monitor actively - Check activity daily during active deals. Respond to questions quickly.
Archive properly - Download activity reports before closing the room.
Digify data rooms work well for standard due diligence and document sharing scenarios. The platform balances security features with usability, though it lacks some advanced features of enterprise VDR providers.
For most M&A deals under $50M and typical fundraising rounds, Digify provides sufficient functionality. Larger or more complex deals might require platforms with more sophisticated features.